People Resourcing

The most valuable asset that any organization can be in possession of is the human resource of the organization. According to Jackson and Schuler (1990, p1), â€Å"human resource is a part of a strategic business planning.† There is therefore a necessity that there should be an organized procedure in obtaining and maintaining these valuable resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on People Resourcing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of a Human Resource Manager whether in a profit making or a non-profit-making organization is to ensure that the acceptable chord of conduct is executed during the selection of the employees and that the working conditions are conducive to encourage the employees. The morale of an employee is also boosted if during their selection, there was transparency. An employee bribed his way into a job will always be haunted for as long as he serves the company. To facilitate th is, there should be a strong relationship and co-ordination between the Human Resource management and the recruiting authority. The expanse of the personnel’s responsibility will depend on the kind of business an organization is carrying out (Johns Leatherbarrow 2005). The success of every organization depends on how well it manages its resources namely human, economic, and physical resources (Antwi, Analoui Cusworth, 2007). Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) focuses on the factors that can hinder the smooth process of employee selection. In particular, it addresses employee recruitment, the standard payment to be made, ways of promotion of the staff to higher ranks within the organization and ensuring good working environment. The influence of culture in a society, religious practices, race, ethnic diversity, sex as well as physical form some bases of discrimination in the selection of employees in an organization. However, the principles behind a successful strate gic human resource management are only applicable to developed nations and the implementation of these in third world countries may not be very efficient (Taylor 2005). For instance, the Human Resource Management principles in the United States do not advocate for collectiveness but rather emphasizes strongly on the theories of a free will. Provision of equal opportunity is essential in ensuring smooth and fair selection of employees into an organization. The equal opportunity in this context would encompass a wide range of factors. Firstly, there is need that, excellent publicity be made and in the right time to allow every potential candidate be able to make application. Giving very short deadlines for job application is a way of denying some individuals a chance and excluding those who may not have obtained the information at the right time. In effect, a potential applicant may be cut off the deadline forcing the organization or company to choose just from the available applicant s. This is not only a disadvantage to the applicant locked out but also to the organization that would have obtained better services (Taylor, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor publicity has the same effect on the effective and unbiased selection of employees (Taylor, 2005). It includes use of a less popular means of communication in passing the information to the supposed recipients. In many cases, organizations have opted to use methods like internal advert probably to cut down the overall costs of selection of employees. The effect is that such information will only be available among the current employees of the organization who will instead take advantage of it. They will only inform their close allies like relatives and friends. A company will therefore comprise a chain of relatives and friends right from the top management positions to the bottom implementers . Such organizations have little or no development rates and in some instances that have been witnessed in the developing countries, they have been totally brought down to nothingness. A bank cashier whose father or uncle is the sales manager or branch manager in that branch may be reluctant to report on duty in time given the job security he has. A teacher in a learning institution whose friend or relative is the head of the institution may decide to boycott classes following little or know probable consequences. Thus, even the people that these organizations serve suffer the consequences of poor publicity of the job information by the organization. It is thus worth noting, and these organizations need to get this clearly, that what seems to be cheap is always very expensive. A job advertised on a local daily newspaper will reach a relatively wider area than those posted on the companies’ websites especially in the developing countries. It would be better still if an opportu nity were advertised over the radio. Secondly, equal opportunity on selection of employees is achieved by defining clearly, the requirements of a particular job when making the advertisement (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010). Following strictly the minimum qualifications specified here will ensure that the best out of the best applicants actually secure the job. However, a room has been always created to allow bribery and all sorts of corruption such that despite good publicity and subsequent receipt of qualified applications, the job ends up in the hands of less qualified individuals who would dance to the tunes of the recruiting authority. Unfortunately, in many developing countries in the world, this vice is not only experienced during the recruitment and selection of employees by an organization. It extends even to the selection of students into various programmes in various learning institutions. The effect, as has been witnessed, is the passing into job market, graduates who ar e not capable of implementing the real life applications of the theoretical concepts learned in class. This will always be a threat to a country’s economic, political, and even social growth and development (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on People Resourcing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In ensuring fairness during the recruitment and subsequent selection of new employees, care need to be taken to avoid all forms of discriminations. As was asserted by Chan (n.d), a company or an â€Å"organization that sees the diversity of the workforce not as a liability but as an asset would indirectly help the organization positively in its stride some of the less aspects of the workforce diversity.† The discriminations could be based on age, gender, religion, physical disability, race, ethics and cultural beliefs and practices. The recruiting authority should understand that no society in the world, however small, exhibits homogenous characteristics. They should be aware of the diversity observed in religious beliefs, age, color, and culture. The presence of a minority group like the physically challenged should not be overlooked. Hofstede (2000) defined the culture of a particular community as â€Å"the collective mental programming that these people have in common: a programming that is different from that of other groups or nations.† In this context, the culture of a particular community or group is hard to alter particularly because it has been adopted by not an individual but a collection of people. Therefore, there should be flexibility to allow room for accommodating all types of culture to ensure fairness in the recruitment process. However, this should not be to the extent that it violates the current moral standards required in work place. The requirements like office etiquette have to be met in every office environment. It may not be a discrimination to deny a traditionalist tied to putting on skin clothes a chance to work in an international office serving a global interest. If absorbed into the organization, the new employee would be forced to quit his culture, at least during the working hours. It is the responsibility of the management to ensure that the employees are conversant with the current personnel policies and principles of a potential employee (McNamara n.d). In the current business environment, the recruiting managers are faced with this challenge, some of which have resulted from a mixture of two or more cultures. The culture of a group of people greatly influences those people’s religious beliefs and practices. The managers then need to be aware of the religious requirement of the people that are viable to be absorbed. Denying a Christian an opportunity in an organization run by Muslims simply due to the religious divide is unethical discrimination.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in the event that allowing recruitment of such a person would be contrary to the nature of the job like the working days, then it would not be a discrimination to deny him the chance. This will be valid only to the extent that there were no other alternatives like working in shifts. Provision of such systems by the management ensures that the objectivity and fairness is achieved as early as the time of selection. The wise men had observed that disability is not inability. The managers, in designing their programs, should bear in mind the presence of different forms of disabilities that can be encountered in the region. As far as possible, these minority groups should not be exempted from these opportunities from as early as the time of issuing advert. Unless the nature of the job does not allow a particular kind of disability, the management should ensure that these people receive the information in the right and in the right medium through which it can be perceived well. A teaching job can be performed by those having various disabilities like blindness, deafness, lameness since there are possible mechanisms that can be used to aid them in performing their duties. Again, here, the organization needs to expand its resource to be able to accommodate these people. However, there jobs that require a lot of work force and which can only be performed by those that are physically fit. Exclusion of the crippled from such jobs should not appear as discrimination but rather a respect of one’s personality and status. Knowledge of existence of diversity in the language spoken by a group of people in a given society is an essential management tool to ensure that there is no bias in selection of employees. In a society that has more than one official language, publicity should be made in all the languages that are available. The management may even be required to use the local language to advertise a job that requires unskilled and semi-skilled labor. For i nstance, a Sugar Production Company located in the rural area may be required to use the local language to reach potential casual laborers. On the other hand, a job that is more official may only require the use of the official languages partly as a recruitment procedure. Unfortunately, the knowledge of diversity of language has been misused by many management authorities that have used it as a base for tribal and racial discrimination. The ages of people in a given society is yet another variant factor that the management should use as tool to avoid biasness. Depending on the nature of the jobs to be performed, the valid age limits starts from 18 years and above. The age of a person may determine his ability to perform a duty. For instance, those falling in the age bracket of the youth have potential to perform more tedious duties than the elderly does. Having the knowledge of age diversity helps the management determine the age requirement for each of the available jobs. The manag ement will thus be able to balance the jobs verses the ages to ensure equal distribution. However, the concept is also misused in some instances to form the basis of discrimination. The gender of an employee may determine the kind of job one is capable of performing. The management may use this to determine certain jobs that can be reserved to a particular gender to have some balance. The gender influences the area of interest of an individual. The feminine side is particularly taken to be weaker and can perform lighter duties compared to their masculine counterpart. As search, considering this diversity enables the management to distribute the available jobs among the sexes to avoid gender bias in the recruitment and selection process. Some companies and organizations have jobs that are reserved for a particular gender, and even for those jobs that gender was not specified, the selection criteria could employ gender balance. In general, it is the responsibility of the people Resour cing personnel to ensure fairness and objectivity by contributing to the â€Å"recruitment, selection, deployment and development of the employees who themselves add value to the organization individually and collectively† (Anon. n.d). The team should ensure communication for the success is as a fast as possible. In other words, they should maintain good relations even with the unsuccessful applicants Reference List Anon. N.d. People Resourcing. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Web. Antwi, K.B., Analoui, F. Cusworth, J.W., 2007. Human Resource Challenges Facing Decentralized Local Government In Africa: Empirical Evidence from Ghana. Web. Chan, A., N.d. The challenges of Human Resource Management. Web. Hofstede, G., 2000. Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Gold, J., Thorpe, R. and Mumford, A., 2010. Handbook of leadership and management development. Surr ey: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Jackson, S. E. and Schuler, R.S., 1990. Human resource planning: challenges for industrial/organizational psychologists. American Psychologist, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 223-239. Johns, T. Leatherbarrow, C., 2005. People Resourcing. Second Edition. NY: CIPD publishing. McNamara, C.: Free Management Library, n.d. Human Resource Management (and Talent management). Web. Taylor, S., 2005. People Resourcing. NY: CIPD Publishing. This essay on People Resourcing was written and submitted by user Blaze G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

tattooingbody piercing essays

tattooingbody piercing essays There are various aspects through which people, especially youth, identify themselves. People are always sending some sort of communication out at all times, whether it is subconscious or not. Images and styles are adopted which communicate meanings about the individual to his/her peers and to society. Styles of dress, language, music, and dance are some of the ways that portray one's own unique symbols, values, and meanings. One other such signifier of identity is through body modification, particularly tattooing and body piercing. In today's society people have adopted the new style or trend of body modification. There are many reasons in which people obtain piercings and tattoos. Those who modify, manipulate and mutilate their bodies do so for many reasons. Some say it's simply exciting and pleasurable, or part of the latest fad. Others place it in the context of art, ritual or self-expression-they say it's an act with cultural and social significance. In contrast, many peo ple can't understand why someone would choose to put so many holes in their body or cut their skin. They see body modification as self-destructive, much like anorexia or bulimia. Below I will talk about why, what, where, and how people modify their body and how people look upon them. Youth and adolescence is one of, if not the most, significant and influential moments in one's life, when youth are seeking their identity of who they are. Tattooing and piercing are one of the many ways through which youth may express their identity, for they are symbolic representations of how the self is conceived or understood. People may also want themselves to be portrayed as someone who they are not. For example, someone gets a tattoo or earrings just to look "tough" or "cool". Getting a piercing or tattoo symbolises a certain change in ones life. These changes, no matter how minuscule they may seem, have a huge impact on a person's identity. Usually when a youth g...

Professional development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional development - Coursework Example They are a benchmark for the evaluation of nursing negligence. Professional nursing standards offer a methodology of assuring clients that the services they receive are quality (Kagan, 2010, 74). The standards facilitate accountability of nurses in their career. By virtue of standards, the society holds licensed nurses and those under them accountable for their actions. The practice of nursing necessitates specialized knowledge, skills, and autonomy in decision-making. Nursing care takes typically divergent paths. In essence, practice of nursing is dependent on the environment, the patient, the disease suffered, and the level of rehabilitation. Furthermore, nurses work in a dynamic society that is a potential source of career hazards for the nurses (Kagan, 2010, 77). They, therefore, are imposed to be acclimatized with the proximate dynamics of the society that contribute to proper healthcare provision. It is the moral obligation of any state to provide its citizens with adequate health care, which forms part of professional nursing. Standards and laws set by health agencies are often in response to the government obligation to citizens on matters of healthcare (Kagan, 2010, 78). In conclusion, practicing nurses are ethically and legally obliged to be aware of the nursing standards to minimize threats to their

The Canadian Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Canadian Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Conversely, the Canadian Criminal Justice System treats all suspects as innocent until the court can determine they are guilty of the charges. Suspected criminal have a right to a fair hearing and can petition the State to assign them a legal attorney in case they are incapable of hiring. The Canadian Criminal Justice System is founded primarily on the Youth Criminal Act, the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms and the Conditional Release law. The three major legislations form the basis of the Canadian Criminal Justice System. Equity, fairness and transparency are some of the attributes that the system advocates the Northern American country. In addition, it encourages all citizens to be law abiding people. Furthermore, the major role of the system include: carrying out an investigation, charging criminal elements, prosecuting, ruling and administering sentences for those who are found guilty (Correctional Service Canada, 2008). The court is one of the components of the judicial systems. According to the structure of the judiciary, the Supreme Court is the top-most court in the country. Other courts include the Court of Appeal, the territorial court of appeal, the federal court of appeal, the tax court, and the military tribunal among other branches of courts. The responsibility of the Supreme Court has the responsibility of solving constitutional cases. On the other hand, the military tribunal deals with issues arising in the forces of the country. Additionally, tax court deals with tax questions relating to taxes. Conversely, the roles of other types of courts are also stipulated in the constitution of the country (Griffiths, 2014). The justice system in Canada is made of four elements that work hand in hand.

Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving - Essay Example The love, affection, and warmth for Rip Van Winkle would not be limited to humans. Even the dogs recognized him and would not bark to see him. Rip Van Winkle is known to others as an extremely useful man who can extend his hand of help in any kind of work needed. This is understandably, the main reason why so many people love him since Rip keeps proving his friendship again and again with different people; â€Å"a friend in need is a friend indeed† (â€Å"Cultural Dictionary†). Indeed, the same friendship becomes the cause of the twist in the story, when one day, while helping the Dutch strangers carry the keg up the mountain, Rip happens to drink a bit and then goes on to sleep for almost two decades. When he wakes up, he finds that his wife is dead. In a way, Rip’s habit of being â€Å"the friend in need† (â€Å"Cultural Dictionary†) rids him from all sorts of tensions and depressions in life so that he can have a wonderful and peaceful time sleeping, where he does not have to get berated by his wife everyday, or think, â€Å"what excuse shall I make to Dame Van Winkle?† (Irving

A History of Total quality management

A History of Total quality management Total quality management is the integration of all functions and processes within an organization in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of products and service. Deming defined quality as a never ending cycle of continuous improvement(Allotey, 2003, p.7), Juran defined it as fitness for use (purpose) (Estafanous, Barash, Reves, 2001, p.951). Bearing in mind that TQM is a long term improvement process which requires significant resources. It is also important to realize that TQM is a dynamic process not a static process that is based upon continuous efforts to improve quality. Since there are no deadlines or targets to be met then TQM can never be considered complete which makes it to become a way of life. (Mehra Ranganathan, 2008) During the early years of manufacturing, inspection was used as a tool to decide if a workers job or a product met its requirements. In fact, at that time inspection was not done in a systematic way, yet it worked well when the volume of production was low. However, as organizations became larger and more complicated the need for more effective operations became obvious. (Montogomery, 2001, p.9) In the early 1900s, The Father of Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor helped to satisfy this need. He proposed a framework for the effective use of people in industrial organizations through his book The Principles of Scientific Management which was republished yet again in 2008. One of his concepts was clearly defined tasks performed under standard conditions. Inspection was one of these tasks and was intended to ensure that no faulty product left the workshop or the factory, it also focuses on the product and detection of problem in the product, and testing every item to ensure that the product match as the requirements or specifications. This process is carried out at the end of the production process and requires specially trained inspectors. The need to performing this process was the reason that led to the emergence of a separate inspection department which resulted in the emergence of defect prevention concept which led to quality control. (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) (M ontogomery, 2001) The roots of Total Quality Management can be traced back to the 1920s when Dr W. Shewhart developed the application of statistical methods for the management of quality. He demonstrated that variation in the production process leads to the variation in the product, thus by eliminating the variation of the process a good standard of end product can be achieved. The theory of Statistical Quality Control focuses on the product and detection and control of quality problems that involves testing samples and statistically inferring compliance of all products. This process is carried out throughout the production process and requires trained production people as well as quality control professionals. Towards the end of 1920s the theory was further developed by Dodge, and Romig who developed statistically based acceptance sampling as an alternative to 100% inspection (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) (Montogomery, 2001). In 1940s, the quality guru Deming with his peer co-workers Juran and Feigenbaum continued with the improvement of the theory. However, instead of focusing just on quality of products the concept rapidly widened to evolve quality of all issues within an organization i.e. Total Quality Management. (Webb Gorman, 2006, P.32) During the 1950s, many Japanese products were low quality and viewed by the world as junk products. Industrial leaders in Japan recognized this problem and decided to produce high quality products. In fact, Japanese might have not been able to achieve the aim of high quality products unless they had had the help of quality gurus such as Deming, Juran, and Feigenbaum (Soin, 1999, p.1). Deming suggested that this aim could be achieved within just five years. As a matter of fact not many Japanese believed what Deming claimed. However, they followed his suggestion in order not to lose face and because they respected him (Deming, 1995, p.139). In the late 1950s, quality control management developed rapidly and became the main theme of Japanese management. Interestingly, the idea did not stop at the management level. In the early 60s the concept of the quality control circle was first introduced in Japan by K. Ishikawa (Montogomery, 2001, p.10). A quality circle is a group of workers who meet and discuss issues to improve all aspects of workplace and make presentations to management with their ideas for improvement. In this way workers were motivated because they felt that they were involved and listened to (Cole, 1979, p.135). Another advantage was the idea of improving not only the quality of product but also all aspects of organizational issues, which probably was the start of Total Quality. The term Total Quality was first used by Feigenbaum at the first international quality control conference in Tokyo in 1969. (Stephens Juran, 2004, p.77) During the 80s and 90s a new phase of management and quality control began, which became known as Total Quality Management (TQM). Zairi et al (1994) defined TQM as a license to practise. Although there are many other different definitions for TQM yet the concept is still the same. Nowadays, TQM may be called Business Excellence and has a more clearly defined approach (Montogomery, 2001, p.10). Quality movement in Saudi Arabia: Total Quality Management has caught the attention of organizations worldwide ever since its tremendous success in Japan. The term TQM (Total Quality Management) is a management technique in which customer satisfaction is given the prime importance, and the deliverables are made highly acceptable not just through Quality Control techniques but by focussing on the process, encouraging employees to pursue quality and reducing the cost of production. And just like other countries who wish to be world class, organizations in Saudi Arabia are also trying hard to keep up to pace by implementing TQM widely throughout the country. (Al-Sulimani, 1995) In 1973 Saudi Arabia established the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO), an independent organization concerned with implementation of standards, on the local and international levels. It is also responsible for overseeing quality aspects of locally produced products. SASO developed over time and became the most important Saudi organization concerned with formulating and approving national standards for all commodities and products as well as standards for other quality aspects such as metrology, calibration, marking and identification, methods of sampling, inspection and testing. In addition to this it is also responsible for setting the rules for granting certificates of conformity and quality marks and regulation of their issuance and use. During the early 90s the growth of the quality movement in Saudi enlarged and the first non-profit organization (NPO) in the form of Saudi Arabian Quality Council in the Eastern Province was established and was sponsored by Saudi Aramco. In 1994, with the increasing awareness of the importance of Total Quality Management as a powerful tool for improving the work culture Saudi Quality Council (SQC) established its branch in the Western Region of the country with only 4 members however this organization was later transformed into an independent organization that is operating under the sponsorship of Engineering Committee. In the year 2000, this society was renamed to become known as SQC (WR). The mission of this non-profit, nongovernmental society which has operated in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia over 15 years so far is to advance individual and organizational performance excellence through providing opportunities for learning, quality improvement, and knowledge sharing. SQC (WR) started its actions by executing a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the status of quality in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The results of the analysis were then utilized to set up long term goals such as making quality a part of Saudi corporate Culture as well as setting short term goals for SQC (WR). King Abdulaziz Quality Award (KAQA): Since its establishment SQC (WR) has managed to organize 150 meetings with a quality theme and has had the participation of over than 7000 quality experts and more than 1700 members from different walks of life in its activities with Healthcare, Education, Construction and Engineering and Business Excellence Interest Groups. SQC (WR) also contributed in establishing and formulating the King Abdulaziz Quality Award (KAQA), a prestigious National Quality Award in Saudi Arabia that intends to maximize quality, efficiency and productivity in different sectors within the kingdom (Al-Amri, 2010). The award was approved in the year 2000 and has the objectives of: Increasing awareness of quality and the importance of its application. Motivating and gently pushing public as well as private sectors to adopt and apply the principles of (TQM). Increasing the quality in the production and services sectors to enhance their competitiveness in the global markets Improving organizational leadership to achieve the total quality management objectives and fulfil their responsibilities Ensuring Continuous improvement in the performance of all production and services processes Encouraging organizations commitments to national and international standards Awarding organizations which achieve the highest level of quality Increasing organizations participation in building and serving the society Building strong relationships with customers, employees, suppliers, and investors to satisfy them and gain their loyalty by applying the best methodology that help determine and deliver their requirements needs and expectations. Establishing a database for the King Abdul Aziz Quality Award Adopting quality strategic planning in order to set business plans and objectives and methods for implementation Training and developing the national workforce and creating a better work environment and improving the efficiency and technical skills of employees to enhance quality Making use of all available national resources to support operational and economic performance on the organizational level and on the national level Measuring performance level in different business areas and comparing it with the performance level of competitors and measuring results improvement Communicating the leading Saudi experiences in regards to quality and to make use of these experiences, and increasing the number of quality experts. (KAQA, no date supplied) According to Al-Amri (2010) the year 2008-2009 will always be remembered as a Year of Quality in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the great achievements that were achieved by the quality movement starting with the introduction and administration of (KAQA). However, without sustainability TQM initiatives usually fail because the main idea behind TQM is continuity over time and integration of quality management initiatives into daily organizational operations (Curry Kadasah, 2002).In support of this further Al-Turki Andijani, (1997) insist on the need for more programmes to be adopted in order to increase awareness of the importance of continuous improvement in Saudi organizations. Work Culture There has been an increasing awareness in Saudi on the importance of Total Quality management as a powerful tool for improving the work culture (Najeh Kara-Zairi, 2007) (Al-Turki Andijani, 1997). Lack of understanding about the concept of TQM by employees, limitation of information available on TQM, lack of support from senior management, focus on quick profit, and lack of documented policies and procedures appear to the author to be factors that hinder the implementation of TQM in Saudi organizations. In support of this (Ahmed Tannock, 2008) have highlighted the limited progress which has been made in quality management development in Arabic-speaking countries. People from different countries often do things differently according to their culture. Furthermore, the culture of the same country differs from one region to another and that individuals of the same culture have different beliefs and behaviours. One way to express these variations in behaviour is the idea of culture (Treven, Mulej, Lynn, 2008), referring to this Al-Sulimani (1995) mentions the difficulties and challenges of implementing the concept of Total quality management in Saudi because of the multinational workforce which is estimated to represent 60 per cent of the total labour force of Saudi Arabia (Woodworth Said, 1996). On the other hand he also argues that a workforce with experienced foreigners should improve the knowledge of the Saudi workforce. Hofstedes five Cultural Dimensions: According to Hofstede (2009) Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster. (To be completed) Power distance index (PDI): This dimension represents the extent to which the less powerful member of organizations accepts and expects unequal distribution of power and wealth. The Geert Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests a large power distance in that region, a score of 80 was recorded for this dimension see figure (1). This is according to Hofstede due to the fact that Arab societies follow a caste system that disables any significant upward mobility of its citizens. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI): This dimension indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either comfortable or uncomfortable in unstructured situations. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that Arab societies are highly rule-oriented with laws, rules, regulations, and controls to increase the amount of certainty. Individualism (IDV): This dimension represents the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that the Arab society tends to be collectivist society. The score recorded for this dimension is 38, which is considerably less than the world average ranking of 64. Masculinity (MAS): This dimension represents the distribution of roles between the genders. The Hofstede analysis of this dimension for the Arab word including Saudi Arabia suggests that women in the Arab countries are limited in their rights due to Muslim religion not due to cultural paradigm see figure (1). Long-Term Orientation (LTO): This dimension is said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. This dimension has not been applied to the Arab word. Hofstede does not report any results for Arab countries in relation to long and verses short term orientation.

First Day at University :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

My First Day at University My University is an educational institution which is widely recognized all over the world. It originated from Philippines and collaborates with PSBA (Philippine School of Business Administration). It has 2 branches in Jakarta which is located in Hayam Wuruk and the other one in Kelapa Gading. My University has been my first choice because I believe that it as the ability to provide me with quality education. I got up early that morning due to an improper sleep during the previous night. It was due to the anxiety to start fresh with my new life. I was determined to be the best in whatever it is that I do, so that I would have something to be proud of in the pages of my life. Due to the fear of reaching late during my first day, I reached one hour earlier than necessary and decided to spend some time at KTC (Kelapa gading Trade Center) which is located right beside the University. I was hoping that time would move a lot faster because I wanted to find out about what was going to happen next. But it is a common fact that if we are anxiously waiting for something, time would seem to crawl a lot slower. When it was finally the time to head back to the campus, I hoped for everything to go on smoothly, just as how I expected it. I braced myself and went to meet Sofia, who was responsible for the new students, to inquire about my classroom. After being instructed on which room to go to, I started walking towards the class, the mixture of excitement and nervousness start to fill within me. I started to feel like standard 1 all over again where I was a little kid who didn’,t know where to go. I didn’,t know anyone in the class except for Diksha who is my childhood friend. The unique thing about this campus is that each classroom is named after a quality. For example, the classroom names are Unity, Humanity, and Innovation and so on. Just like the classroom name, a confident teacher entered our classroom.

Freud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay

Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦. , the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of analytic psychology, as he is the first to have come up with an albeit rudimentary, but nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche. Prior to his groundbreaking work, the nature of human consciousness was largely debated and theorized by medical doctors and theologians. Then there is Adler, (who was the first to have suggested the societal impact on emotions and thought processes and vice-versa, arguing that consciousness and culture have what could be termed as a symbiotic relationship. He emphasized, too, the importance of self-esteem and was the first to say that without a healthy self-esteem, an individual would develop an inferiority/superiority complex which would in turn affect many aspects of life. Last but not least, Carl Jung, who was a respected colleague of Freud in his earlier years, focused on the spiritual aspects of consciousness and saw the value it played on thoughts and emotions. We will explore in this paper the commonalities between these founding fathers of psychology as well as their differences, and explore the strengths in their theories as well as the weaknesses. By understanding the founders of this very subjective field of scientific thought, we can gain a better picture of how psychology has evolved over the years and apply it to our own research and studies. Sigmund Freud:  According to Freudian theory, the consciousness is composed of three opposing forces: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id (Freud used the German term Das es) which consists of our instinct-driven behavior. Governed by what he termed the â€Å"Pleasure Principle†, It is largely pleasure-seeking: when we are hungry, we seek to obtain relief from these feelings by eating. Because the id is a self-gratifying drive, it can, according to Freud, cause problems if left unchecked, since the person would have absolutely no self-control and wouldn’t be able to exercise the self-discipline necessary to function in society. In accordance with what Freud calls â€Å"The Reality Principle†, The ego (das ich) copes with the limitations of reality by putting into place coping mechanisms when one’s basest needs cannot be fulfilled. For instance, it is the ego which represses the needs of the id by waking up early for work when the id tells us to sleep in late. The Superego (uber ich) tries to rule over the ego and id with moral principles which are both conscious and unconscious. It can be described as one’s religious convictions and moral principles. The Superego can override the ego and id when something must be done â€Å"for the greater good†, i. . for moral reasons. Another Fundamental element of Freudian theory is his stages of psychosexual development, which categorizes each stage as follows: The oral stage where a child seeks comfort from suckling, the anal stage where the child is toilet-trained, the phallic stage where a child’s awareness of a penis (or lack thereof) plays a crucial role in early development, the latent period, and finally the genital stage. In each of these stages (aside from the latent stage where it is believed no crucial psychosexual development takes place) if there is a disturbance in normal development, a â€Å"fixation† can occur. For instance, if a child is weaned from breastfeeding too early, he or she can have an â€Å"oral fixation† which would manifest itself as nail-biting or smoking later in life. Last but not least, Freud was the first to propose that when we face situations we cannot emotionally handle, we have certain defense mechanisms such as repression, suppression, denial, displacement, sublimation, intellectualization, and rationalization, regression, and reaction formation. These mechanisms can be considered normal, especially during grieving periods. Much later, Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made shock and denial one of the first stages of the grieving process, and it has been well-documented that denial can be very common if not normal as long as it doesn’t become permanent. Defense mechanisms can become very unhealthy if they don’t eventually give way to directly coping with the emotions which are being denied or repressed. These defense mechanisms, in their most extreme forms can be very difficult to understand for those who haven’t shared the same experience. For example, it is very possible for a woman to be so deep in denial of a pregnancy that she will continue to menstruate up until the time of delivery. She could also attribute the normal symptoms of pregnancy with other possible explanations, i. e. morning sickness being stomach flu and the baby’s kicks being gas. A typical example of displacement can be seen with people who abuse animals or children. If a person feels they cannot express anger or aggression to a parent or significant other for fear of repercussions, they will channel the anger and direct it to the family pet or their child, who cannot fight back. Regression can be another common defense mechanism, and it usually happens when an individual is overwhelmed with anxiety and feels they cannot directly face the source of their emotions. A very common scenario is for an adult to remain in bed all day and sleep to avoid painful feelings shortly after a loved-one dies. Another example is when a child is afraid to attend school because of a bully, and becomes extremely clingy with the parent when he or she was very independent prior to the problem. Carl Jung  Jung and Freud became friends in 1906, after Freud had read some of Jung’s writings and invited him for a meeting in Zurich. Their first conversation was said to have lasted for 13 hours, with the two men exchanging ideas and elaborating on their theories. Freud saw Jung as somewhat of a protege, referring to Jung as his â€Å"crown prince and successor†. Their correspondence and friendship lasted six years, but Jung eventually expressed dissent with Freud over the role the unconscious mind played in human behavior. While Freud saw the unconscious as somewhat of a repository of repressed memories which could be manifested unbeknownst to the conscious mind, Jung believed that the ability to tap into the unconscious mind was possible and could contribute to emotional well-being. And while he agreed that it was important to understand past trauma and its influence on present behavior, he also believed that the future didn’t necessarily need to be determined by such things. The role spirituality played in his psychoanalytic theories also made him a pioneer in his own rite, though it was never something he and Freud could agree upon. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler was also a contemporary of Dr. Freud and even joined his analytic society in 1902. By 1911 however, he too expressed dissent with many of Freud’s opinions and left to form his own society, the ‘Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research’. It can be reiterated that while he agreed with Freud that psycho-social development could be affected by influential factors beginning early in life, he came up with theories of his own which contrasted with those of his colleague. For instance, he believed that a child feels inherently weak around his or her elders, and strives to become superior to them throughout the course of early life. This term, known as â€Å"striving for superiority†, states that if the need for personal accomplishment and success is not met, an inferiority complex can develop, causing many other problems later on. He also proposed the theory that birth order plays a crucial role in emotional development. For example, he stated that an oldest child has it the worst, as he or she starts off having both parents’ unlimited attention and time. Later on after other siblings are born, an oldest child isn’t given the same amount of attention and is left to wonder why. Childhood neglect and abuse also have a profound impact on psychosocial development according to Adler, and numerous case studies continue to arise which prove his theory to be valid even today. Conclusion While many of the theories of Freud, Adler and Jung have been either dispelled or refined by case studies and discoveries in the field of neuroscientific research, there is no doubt they were pioneers in the field of psychology. Freud’s concepts of defense mechanisms have withstood the test of time even though his theories of psychosexual development have been outmoded, and Jungian psychoanalysis is still relevant today. Adler’s views on self-esteem and childhood development have been verified by clinical research, even if some of the finer points of his research had been discarded. While there is continued debate and new findings which will always create dissent and result in new discoveries related to psychology, it is certain that the work of these three early founders will remain significant for decades to come.

Humanities-Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece and Roman civilization comparison The first Olympic games were held in Olympia, Greece. These games were part of the â€Å"Panhellenic Festival, instituted in 776 B. C. E in honor of the Greek gods†. The Olympic games occur in an every â€Å"four-year periods beginning with the first games in 776 B. C. E. † The Greeks had many sports such as, â€Å"200-yard sprint, footrace, wrestling, long jump, and boxing. † Greek athletes competed nude. However, women were not allowed to compete in the Olympic games. The Greeks believed that a â€Å"true sport was that which gave athletes an opportunity to rival the divinity of the gods. In contrast to Greece, the Romans had a â€Å"variety of brutal blood sports. † Gladiator fights were â€Å"introduced in Rome in 264 B. C. E. † These games would symbolize the power of the emperors. In Rome, these events were held in the Coliseum. Gladiators fought wild animals. â€Å"Most Gladiators were crimin als, prisoners of war, or slaves. † They were trained in schools and were forced to take part in the events. The Olympic games and Gladiator fights are different because in Greece it was mostly sport festivals, while in Rome it was representation to honor the emperors.Greek architecture monuments were designed to serve the living. One of the many type of Greek architectural structures is the Parthenon. It is a temple dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war. Built in glittering Pentelic marble. The Parthenon represents the â€Å"apex of a long history of post-and-lintel temple building among the Greeks. † The functions of the Parthenon, was to â€Å"display statues of the gods, for the rulers to go and sacrifice and worship in as a recognition of the protection provided by the gods. In contrast, Roman architecture reflected the practical needs of the empire. The Romans are considered one of the greatest architects of ancient times. Also the Romans made good use of the à ¢â‚¬Å"aqueducts, arches, vaults and domes. † For example, the Pantheon is â€Å"a temple dedicated to the seven planetary deities. † Its exterior is covered with a â€Å"veneer of white marble and bronze. † The Pantheon has many features such as, â€Å"a portico with eight Corinthian columns originally elevated by a flight of stairs that now lie buried beneath the city street. Greek and Roman architecture are similar because Roman architecture was based on the knowledge of the Greeks. Although there’s a difference because Greeks used single row columns for actual structural support, while the Romans were progressing technologically and using rows of concrete columns for luxury purposes. The arts in Greek were based on Humanism, Realism, and Idealism. The Greeks used the abstract geometric methods in their paintings. For example, Greek artists painted their â€Å"ceramic wares with angular figures and complex geometric patterns arranged to enhance the sha pe of the vessel. Greeks painted mythology, literature, and everyday life in â€Å"waters jars, wine jugs, storage vessels, drinking cups and bowls. † In contrast, the Roman art was based in Pictorial Realism paintings. The Romans decorated their â€Å"meeting halls, baths, and country villas that were inspired by Greek murals. † Roman art was illustrated in mosaics. This is a technique by which â€Å"small pieces of stone or glass are embedded into wet cement surfaces or plaster surfaces. † Also Romans illustrated landscapes to show affection to their pleasure of nature.It’s clear that Greek art and Roman art are different because both civilizations used different techniques for their art and showed different interested in what they were trying to portray in their paintings. Roman art was based in Realism while Greek art was more Idealistic. Greek literature was based in the Classical Style in Poetry. This is a combination of the â€Å"arts prevailed in most forms of religious ritual and in public and private entertainment. † For example, Hellenic literature was filled with passion and tenderness written in lyric poetry. In contrast, Roman literature reveals a masterful use of Latin literature.Romans use literature for the purposes of â€Å"entertainment, instruction, and record keeping. † A Roman notable style of literature is the Roman Epic Poetry style. For example, â€Å"Rome’s foremost poet-publicist, Virgil wrote the semi legendary epic that immortalized Rome’s destiny as world ruler. † Virgil’s poems were not an oral tradition but a literacy epic. His work became the â€Å"monumental impact of Latin language. † Greek literature and Roman Literature are similar because they both include comedies, poetry and epics. Also Greek literature dealt with myths while Roman Literature was based on triumphs.

American Revolution vs. French Revolution essays

American Revolution vs. French Revolution essays The French Revolution was one of the most significant turning points in French History. It may not have given France a proper democracy or have given France a good reputation with the Reign of Terror and all the deaths, but it did unify the French people together, which helped them over throw their cruel monarch. But when compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution would be considered a big circle, with death in various parts of it. Why did each revolution start? Was it because they needed attention? Or was it because they were bored? Maybe it was it because they werent being listened to, and they wouldnt take it any more. That sounds a little better than the first two. I know that the American Revolution started because there was no representation of the original thirteen colonies and the British taxed them on every minor thing, for example the stamp tax. The French on the other hand started their revolution because they lived in poverty, in hunger, and in a land were the monarch will do nothing about it. As the poor peasants starved, the noblemen and clergy lived comfortable lives and had enough food for them. It sounds as if the French Revolution had a better reason to be started. Both wars were fought with different strategies that led to there over all victory. During the American Revolution, most standard military procedures were dropped and guerrilla warfare was used. Guerrilla warfare is like a hit and run but without the car and more causalities form the one that was hit. The British during revolution also gave the Americans the home felid advantage and gave them easy targets by wearing their red coats. Also the, Americans had a lot of outside help from Native Americans and the French (Irony). The French Revolution was fought without very many weapons and a lot of people. There were few guns to be found but there were probably a lot of farming tools like pitchforks and axes maybe even swor...

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to Research Paper

How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality - Research Paper Example The whole problem was triggered by the quarrel over tax cuts for the wealthiest 1% percentage of Americans. It can be argued that the prospects of the future global economy depends much on the debate circling to distribution of income or equality among all sections of the society. The republicans support the tax cuts on the argument of the role played by income in the development of incentives. They argue that the role of the government is not ecstatic in managing the money of the tax payers. They put the example of the CEO who may feel the disincentive on working harder if the government levies a tax of 10% more on his income. The Republicans states the money that is paid by the tax payers can be more efficiently invested in profitable investments instead of wasting the amount in the inefficient programs of the government. Research question How the threat of an imminent fiscal cliff is directly related to income inequality? Literature Review The law makers of the country are facing three unattractive options. They can keep the policy on hold till the beginning of next year. With the implementation of the policy the spending rates are anticipated to go down and therefore the economy will again be on the verge of inflation. Again the deficit of the current balance is anticipated to fall as well. They can opt for the middle course which would address the issues of the budget to a certain extent and will also have modest impact on the rate of growth. Two dimensions can be put forwarded regarding the inefficiency of the government. The spending in the public sector cannot be identified as waste because some of the expenditures roll out to the private sector as well. In some cases the roll is large enough. Moreover some profitable investments can only be done by the government. An individual cannot be held responsible for his resources and the same individual can be held responsible for the choices he makes. It is undoubted that the policy maker will opt for the pro grams that bring equalization in the society rather than increase the taxes for the wealthiest population. The term economic inequality is used to define the gap between the rich and the poor. The disparities in distribution of the economic assets among individuals or groups of population are regarded as economic inequality (World Bank, 2005, p. 27-28). There are many causes for economic inequality and primary of them being the differences in wages and salaries of the employed. Inequality in the labor market leads to concentration of wealth in the hands of the few. Some of the other causes are racial inequality, gender inequality, tax loopholes and increasing costs of education. The distributive inefficiency gets reduced by economic inequality. Inequality acts to reduce the total personal utility. The simplest form of measuring inequality arranges the entire population from poorest to the richest and pictures the percentage of spending attributable to either quintile or decile of th e arrangement. One of the most popular measures on inequality is Gini coefficient (Cullis and Koppen, 2007, p. 2-3). It ranges from 0 showing perfect equality to 1 showing perfect inequality. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which also arranges the population from the poorest to the richest. The Lorenz curve is drawn using the cumulative proportion of the population and the cumulative expenditure on the horizontal and the vertical axis

United States National Security Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United States National Security - Article Example Policy developers will have to address these energy encounters – but none of them are an interrogation of yes or no, either, do or don’t. As an alternative, how the United States encounter those challenges will need choices-strategy judgments about infrastructure investment, government policy, investigation funding, and even external policy. The American security plan has a strong program scrutinizing how America-and the world-uses and yields energy. It is thought that the way Americans consume energy is unfavorable to their national security, their monetary well-being, and their environs. Without prejudice, we seek solutions. We focus on long-term, strategic sets that will control the well-being of their country until the next century. At this time, the fears for their security areas composite and varied as complex and diverse as extremism, the spread of weapons of mass devastation, climate change, deteriorating states and economic downfall. Many of these national trials will require answers that go beyond military capacity and utilize all the tools at their clearance. The American security mission is prominent in the development of new state security hallucination and strategy that generate a new American store for the twenty-first century that is open to the challenges and changes we face as a nation. The United States encounters many defies around the world that are composite because they are irregular in nature. Uneven challenges are those where the unlike performers and components have not the same welfares and proficiencies, but nonetheless, intermingle compound ways to make policy tremendously difficult.