Lincoln :: essays research papers

Lincoln was born on Feb. 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Kentucky, the son of Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln , pioneer farmers. At the age of two he was taken by his parents to nearby Knob Creek and at eight to Spencer Co., Ind. The following year his mother died. In 1819 his father married Sarah Bush Johnston, a kindly widow. Lincoln grew up a tall, gangling youth, who could hold his own in physical contests and also showed great intellectual promise, although he had little formal education. After moving with his family to Macon Co., Ill., in 1831, he struck out on his own, taking a cargo to New Orleans, La., on a flatboat. He then returned to Illinois and settled in New Salem, a short-lived community on the Sangamon River, where he split rails and clerked in a store. He gained the respect of his fellow townspeople, including the so called Clary Grove boys, who had challenged him to fight, and was elected captain of his company in the Black Hawk War . Returning from the war, he began an unsuccessful venture in shopkeeping that ended when his partner died. In 1833 he was appointed postmaster but had to supplement his income with surveying and various other jobs. At the same time he began to study law. The story of his romance with Ann Rutledge ,a local young woman whom he knew briefly before her untimely death, is unsubstantiated. Defeated in 1832 in a race for the state legislature, Lincoln was elected on the Whig ticket two years later and served in the lower house from 1834 to 1841. He quickly emerged as one of the leaders of the party and was one of the authors of the removal of the capital to Springfield, where he settled in 1837. After his admission to the bar he entered into successive partnerships with John T. Stuart , Stephen T. Logan , and William Herndon , and soon won recognition as an effective and resourceful attorney. In 1842 Lincoln married Mary Todd , the daughter of a prominent Kentucky banker, and despite her somewhat difficult disposition, the marriage seems to have been reasonably successful. The Lincolns had four children, only one of whom reached adulthood. His birth in a slave state notwithstanding, Lincoln had long opposed slavery. In the legislature he voted against resolutions favorable to the â€Å"peculiar institution† and in 1837 was one of two members who signed a protest against it. Elected to Congress in 1846, he attracted attention because of his outspoken criticism of

Marketing, Customer Value, and the Lin Essay

INTRODUCTION In today’s economy, firms are no longer the center of business. In order to survive, companies need to acknowledge the fact that business now revolves around customers (Keith, 1960). As a result, marketing becomes one of the most prominent philosophies in business. Therefore, to get a better understanding of today’s business, this essay will be discussing about three important concepts. These concepts are marketing as a business philosophy, the understanding of customer value, followed by the link between marketing and customer value. In addition, this essay will be using the Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as example of the concepts’ application. MARKETING Marketing as a business philosophy has grew astoundingly for the past few decades. It becomes one of the influential subjects that being thoroughly explored in the society. Many have tried to define marketing in different ways. Based on a marketing expert Philip Kotler (1983), marketing is defined as a â€Å"human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes† (p. 7). Marketing exists in order to know what the customers wants and what are their needs, and satisfy those wants and needs through transactions. According to Kotler (1983), there are various philosophies that can guide the business conducts exchange and achieves desired outcomes. Using Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as example, philosophies that will be discussed here are product philosophy and marketing philosophy. Product Philosophy According to Kotler (1983), product philosophy assumes that customers will choose to buy high quality products, and thus organizations should focus on the product design and its quality.  Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is an example of product philosophy application in business. In February 1997, Village Cinemas and Warner Bros partnered to open a new type of cinema in Melbourne’s Crown Casino—â€Å"Gold Class† cinema (Wikipedia, 2014). This new luxury cinema format was then expanded to other Village Cinemas 1 throughout Australia and around the world. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is a premium venue, offering personalized service level with smaller and private cinemas. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema focuses highly on its products’ quality by improving the art projection and its sound systems as well as adding recliner to its seats (Village Roadshow Limited, n.d.). All these new high quality products were prove as how â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema highly values the quality of its products. However, product concept will not be enough for Village Cinema to become successful. The purpose of a cinema is to entertain customers. Yet, entertainment as human’s needs can actually be satisfied by something else such as sport events or music concerts. Thus, Village Cinema needs to apply marketing philosophy to complement the product philosophy. Marketing Philosophy To understand marketing philosophy, it is important to know the purpose of business in advance. Peter F. Drucker (1999) stated, â€Å"there is only one valid definition of business purpose: to create a customer† (p. 35). Marketing concept focuses on identifying what the customer needs, what products can attract customers and how to promote them effectively (Kotler, 1983). By putting marketing philosophy in practice, business can serve what consumers want and will generate greater profit. Village Cinemas developed the â€Å"Gold Class† concept even further in order to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"widen the appeal of going to movies† and â€Å"attract broader demographic† (Village Roadshow Limited, n.d.). They put marketing philosophy into practice by analyzing what action should be undertaken in order to satisfy the customers’ need of being served. In addition to entertainment, human likes to be given personal service. Thus, Village Cinemas improve the â€Å"Gold Class† Cinemas by providing entertainment with high quality products and giving a personalized service at the same time. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinemas â€Å"boast a full service bar, lounge and gourmet food with personal waiter service during each screening† (Village Cinemas, n.d.). As the pioneer of this concept, Village Cinema has successfully embraced the marketing philosophy where business should focus on the customer and to provide what they want. 2 CUSTOMER VALUE Zeithaml (1988, as cited in Smith & Colgate, 2007, p. 8) defined customer value as being â€Å"what customers get from the purchase and use of a product versus what they pay.† According to Drucker (1999), customer value determines what the business will produce and whether it will prosper or not. Clearly, customers will prefer to consume the product that offers them most benefits with least costs possible. Based on their researches, Smith and Colgate (2007) proposed four major values of customer that applicable to consumer and to customer value creation strategy. According to Smith and Colgate (2007), functional value is concerned about the purpose and usefulness of a product. Experiential value is concerned with the customers’ feelings created by the product whereas symbolic value is concerned about the psychological meaning of a product to customers. On the other hand, cost is related to the both direct and indirect costs of using the product. The following table shows customer value creation strategy with Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as the example. Functional Correct /- Movies, sound systems, and seats has high quality accurate – attribute creativity) Product characteristic (quality, customization, – Given appropriate attributes when necessary (e.g.: 3D glasses when watching 3D movies) – All food and beverages menu should be available when ordered Appropriate – Movie delivered without any disturbance performance – Being served with high quality service – Seat recliner move accordingly – Ordered food and beverages come correctly and within appropriate time length. Appropriate – Everything function effectively and appropriately as it outcomes should be – Cinema should be able to entertain and serve the 3 customers – Foods and beverages should be able to satisfy customers Experiential Sensory – More specialised and high quality theatre design for â€Å"Gold Class† customers than other normal customers in order to improve aesthetic value – Food plating should be appealing – Foods and beverages should smell and taste good Emotional – The movie watched will bring pleasure and enjoyment, (fun, excitement, happy, adventurous, sad, humorous or any other emotional feeling) – Customers should feel satisfied after being entertained and served personally Social – The design of â€Å"Gold Class† theatre have fewer seats and intimate setting, which could lead to a love bonding between partners or loved ones – Friendship and love bonding with families and friends by watching movie in â€Å"Gold Class† cinema together Epistemic – Some high quality movies provided by the â€Å"Gold Class† cinemas might provide knowledge and educational movie, fantasy, or any other experiences depend on the movie genre Symbolic Self identity – Staff and system interaction can make customer feel / worth better about their own selves. – Personalised service can make customer feel exclusive Personal Watching with the meaning loved one and become unforgettable memories – Irreplaceable quality time with family or friends every week in the cinema Self – Customers can express their taste of movie and expression preference of way to spend their leisure time Social – Customers can gain prestige and status by watching 4 meaning movie in â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema in front of their friends – The term â€Å"Gold Class† itself can boost up the customer’s image and self esteem when they enter the special theatre in front of crowd – As the ticket is expensive, customers will be known as rich by other, which can make them feel exclusive Conditional meaning Cost – People will think only those with higher disposable income or rich background can watch in this cinema Economic – The price of the ticket, food and beverages – The transportation cost or any other indirect cost Psychologi- – Some psychological relationship cost such as cal attachment or addiction – Equity conflict for customers who think highly of how some people can’t afford to enjoy the privilege Personal – Energy, effort and time spent to queue or click the investment order button through internet Risk – Low personal and operational risk as Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is a well-known brand – High financial risk as the price is higher than other theatre 5 LINK BETWEEN MARKETING AND CUSTOMER VALUE Whatever the market or the business operating at, marketing has one common theme— to ‘create perceived customer value that is superior to alternatives available while at the same time creating value for the business’ (Kotler, Brown, Burton, Deans, & Armstrong. 2010, p. 4). When marketing philosophy is applied in a business, customer value will play a really important role. Creation of the customer value is critical for marketing, especially when the business is going to develop new products and services (Smith & Colgate, 2007). Customer value represents customer point of view, and marketing needs it in order to manage a profitable relationships between business and customers. With marketing philosophy, business needs to know what customers consider important in a product—what customers value in a product—and to develop those products according to customers’ preferences. Compared to marketing philosophy, customer value doesn’t really influence product philosophy. In this case, business assumes that customers will prefer to buy high quality product with reasonable price, thus marketing effort is not much needed (Kotler, 1983). However, Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema still considers customers value as critical to their business. Village Cinema didn’t only focus on the product quality, yet they deliver a personalized and high quality service as well in order to satisfy the customers. Village Cinema knows that customers want to be entertained and personally served in the same time. Thus, the importance of customer value was demonstrated by applying marketing philosophy in their business and develop â€Å"Gold Class† concept. CONCLUSION To conclude, marketing is highly linked with customer value. Despite having different philosophies, every business should not take customer value lightly if they want to survive in today’s competition. Even if some businesses like Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema embrace more than one philosophy, they still need to address customer value as a really important concept that can influence their business outcome. REFERENCE LIST Drucker, P. F. (1999). The Practice of Management. Oxford, London: Butterworth Heinemann. Keith, R. J. (1960). The Marketing Revolution. Journal of Marketing, 24(3), 35-38. Retrieved from http://www,jstor.org/stable/1248704 Kotler, P. (1983). Marketing and Human Needs. Marketing in Australia (pp. 3-27). Melbourne, VIC: Prentice-Hall of Australia. Kotler, P., Brown, L., Burton, S., Deans, K., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Marketing (8th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. Smith, J. B. & Colgate, M. (2007). Customer Value Creation: A Practical Framework. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 15(1), 7-23. Doi: 10.2753/mtp10696679150101 Village Cinemas. (n. d.) Gold Class. Retrieved from http://villagecinemas.com.au/goldclass Village Roadshow Limited. (n.d.) Cinema Exhibition. Retrieved from http://www.villageroadshow.com.au/Company-Profile/Exhibition.htm Wikipedia. (2014). Village Cinemas. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Cinemas

Nuclear Energy, A Better Energy Source - 995 Words

Nuclear Energy, a Better Energy Source? Over the last decades, there’s been a worldwide debate over leaning off the use of fossil fuel, our main source of energy. Fossil fuel has been the world’s prime energy source and this has caused earth to becoming polluted. Because of this many suggest to change the way we make energy. Many say the energy used to substitute fossil fuel is nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is made from from uranium, which is highly radioactive. Although this route may sound good, there are a lot of untold facts about nuclear energy. It is really dangerous, expensive, and isn’t good for our world. These are reasons why we should not change the way we make energy to nuclear energy. Instead we should create the energy we use my wind and solar power. One main reason that we want to change our main source of energy to nuclear power is because it is suppose to help stop pollution, but in fact this is untrue. The article â€Å"Nuclear Power is too Risky† by Mark Z. Jacobson tell us t hat â€Å"it’s not carbon-free, no matter what the advocates tell you.† To create nuclear energy there is a huge process needed in preparing. During the prepping process vast amounts of fossil fuels is used. Firstly it’s used during the process of getting the uranium ores in mines. Uranium is one type of radioisotope used in the process of creating nuclear energy. In these mines, fossil fuels is used and made while workers are mining. It is also created when the uranium ores are transported toShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources And The Future Of Those Sources1223 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 150 28 September 2015 Alternate Energy Sources and the Future of those sources Some of the major on-going controversies in this decade are Keystone XL pipeline , fracking and climate change. These issues are co-related to each other and they all have one thing in common i.e energy from fossil fuels . 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